What does "actus reus" refer to in criminal law?

"Actus reus" is a fundamental concept in criminal law that refers specifically to the physical act or conduct that constitutes a criminal offense. This term emphasizes the importance of the actual behavior—whether it is an action taken or a failure to act—required to establish that a crime has been committed. In legal analysis, proving actus reus is essential because it demonstrates that the defendant engaged in behavior that is legally recognized as a crime.

In contrast, the other options do not accurately capture the definition of actus reus. While the intent behind committing a crime is relevant to the concept of "mens rea," which considers the mental state of the offender, it does not define actus reus. Similarly, the consequences of committing a crime can relate to the broader implications of the conduct but do not constitute the act itself. Understanding actus reus is crucial in identifying whether a crime has legally occurred, which makes recognizing the physical act at the heart of a case vital for establishing liability.